Introduction: Evaluating LLM outputs is fundamentally different from traditional ML evaluation. There’s no single ground truth for creative tasks, quality is subjective, and outputs vary with each generation. Yet rigorous evaluation is essential for production systems—you need to know if your prompts are working, if model changes improve quality, and if your system meets user […]
Read more →Fine-Tuning Large Language Models: A Complete Guide to LoRA and QLoRA
Master parameter-efficient fine-tuning with LoRA and QLoRA. Learn how to customize LLMs like Llama 3 and Mistral on consumer hardware with step-by-step implementation guides.
Read more →The Intersection of Data Analytics and IoT: Real-Time Decision Making
The Data Deluge at the Edge After two decades of building data systems, I’ve watched the IoT revolution transform from a buzzword into the backbone of modern enterprise operations. The convergence of connected devices and real-time analytics has created opportunities that seemed impossible just a few years ago. But it has also introduced architectural challenges […]
Read more →Knowledge Graphs with LLMs: Building Structured Knowledge from Text
Introduction: Knowledge graphs represent information as entities and relationships, enabling powerful reasoning and querying capabilities. LLMs excel at extracting structured knowledge from unstructured text—identifying entities, relationships, and attributes that can be stored in graph databases. This guide covers building knowledge graphs with LLMs: entity and relation extraction, graph schema design, populating Neo4j and other graph […]
Read more →Text-to-SQL with LLMs: Building Natural Language Database Interfaces
Introduction: Natural language to SQL is one of the most practical LLM applications. Business users can query databases without knowing SQL, analysts can explore data faster, and developers can prototype queries quickly. But naive implementations fail spectacularly—generating invalid SQL, hallucinating table names, or producing queries that return wrong results. This guide covers building robust text-to-SQL […]
Read more →LLM Output Parsing: From Raw Text to Typed Objects
Introduction: LLMs generate text, but applications need structured data. Parsing LLM output reliably is surprisingly tricky—models don’t always follow instructions, JSON can be malformed, and edge cases abound. This guide covers robust output parsing strategies: using JSON mode for guaranteed valid JSON, Pydantic for type-safe parsing, handling partial and streaming outputs, implementing retry logic for […]
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